#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
ifstream cin("progresie.in");
ofstream cout("progresie.out");
int t,n,r;
long long gr,v;
int main(){
    cin>>t;
    while(t--){
        cin>>n>>r;
        gr=(n-1)*r+1;
        v=gr*(gr-1)+1;
        cout<<v<<'\n';
    }
}