#include <stdio.h>
#define vv 50005

using namespace std;

int n,m,s,a[vv][vv],v[vv];

void citire()
{
    freopen("sortaret.in","r",stdin);
    scanf("%d%d%d", &n, &m, &s);
    int x,y;
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
    {
        scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
        a[x][y]=1;
    }
    fclose(stdin);
}

void topo(int w)
{
    v[w]=1;
    for (int i=1; i<=n; i++)
        if (a[w][i]>0 && v[i]==0)
            topo(i);
    printf("%d ", w);
}

int main()
{
    citire();
    freopen("sortaret.out","w",stdout);
    topo(s);
fclose(stdout);
    return 0;
}