#include <cstdio>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    FILE *in,*out;
    in=fopen("progresie.in","r");
    out=fopen("progresie.out","w");
    long long n,k,ras,t,i;
    fscanf(in,"%lld",&t);
    for(i=1;i<=t;i++)
    {
        fscanf(in,"%lld%lld",&n,&k);
        ras=(1+(n-1)*k);
        ras=ras*(ras-1);
        fprintf(out,"%lld\n",ras+1);
    }
    return 0;
}