#include<stdio.h>

 
int main()
{
	
    int T, N;
	int i, j;

	unsigned long long R, X, s;
 
    FILE *f = fopen("progresie.in", "r");
    FILE *g = fopen("progresie.out", "w");
 
    fscanf(f, "%d", &T);
 
    for(j=1;j<=T;j++)
    {
        fscanf(f, "%d%u", &N, &R);
		
		X = (N-1)*R + 1;
		
		s = X*X - X +1;
		
		/*AtribValue(x, -X+1);
		AtribValue(sol, X);
		MultHuge(sol, sol, sol);
		Add(sol, x);
		
		for(i=sol[0];i>=1;i--)
			fprintf(g, "%d", sol[i]);
		
		fprintf(g, "\n");
		*/
		fprintf(g, "%llu\n", s);
		
	}
	
	
    return 0;
}