#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int t=0,n=0,r=0;

    ifstream fin("progresie.in");
    ofstream fout("progresie.out");
    fin>>t;
    while(t)
    {
        fin>>n>>r;
        fout<<((n-1)*r)*((n-1)*r+1)+1<<'\n';
        t--;
    }
    return 0;
}