#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
ifstream fin("progresie.in");
ofstream fout("progresie.out");
unsigned long long s;
long r;
int i,j,n,t;
int main()
{
	fin>>t;
	for (i=1;i<=t;i++)
	{
		fin>>n>>r;
		fout<<((n-1)*r)*((n-1)*r+1)+1<<"\n";
	}
	fin.close();
	fout.close();
	return 0;
}