#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
ifstream f("progresie.in");
ofstream g("progresie.out");
int main()
{
    int t;
    long long n, r;
    f >> t;
    while(t --)
    {
        f >> n >> r;
        long long k = (n - 1)*r + 1;
        g << 1 + (k - 1)*k << "\n";
    }
    return 0;
}