#include<fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  long double T,N;
  long double R;
  ifstream f("progresie.in");
  ofstream g("progresie.out");
  f>>T;
  for(int i=0;i<T;i++){
    f>>N>>R;
    g<<(R*(N-1)+1)*(R*(N-1))+1<<endl;
  }
}